Chapter
12 A
Global Gospel
1. What’s in this Video?
How Pentecostalism originated.
How neo-orthodox theologians and
fundamentalists both reacted against theological liberalism.
How evangelicalism grew.
How the ecumenical movement has
affected relations between Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestants.
2. What Was Happening during this period ?
The Modern Age emphasized human
potential, progress, and the material world.
Theological liberalism called
attention to “the universal fatherhood of God, the universal brotherhood of
man, and the infinite value of the soul.”
3. Who were the Pentecostals ?
Pentecostalism grew during the
fundamentalist-modernist controversies.
In 1900, Charles Fox Parham had
founded a Bible college in Topeka, Kansas.
Parham and his students became
convinced that speaking in unknown tongues ought to accompany the “second
blessing” of “Christian perfection.”
Parham and his students became
convinced that speaking in unknown tongues ought to accompany the “second
blessing” of “Christian perfection.”
The Pentecostal movement spread,
soon reaching the Azusa Street Apostolic Gospel Faith Mission in Los Angeles.
In 1914, several Pentecostal groups merged to form the Assemblies of God.
4. Liberalism & Fundamentalism
Two reactions to theological liberalism: fundamentalism and neo-orthodoxy.
“Fundamentalist” originally
referred to those who accepted these 5
doctrines:
1. Jesus was uniquely divine.
2. Jesus was born of a virgin.
3. Jesus died as a sacrifice for
sin.
4. Jesus will come again.
5. The Bible is “inerrant.”
•In 1922, a liberal pastor named
Harry Emerson Fosdick preached a message,
“Shall the Fundamentalists Win?”
•John D. Rockefeller distributed the
text of the sermon nationwide.
•According to Fosdick “These are the
things we have stood for: tolerance, an
inclusive Church, the right to think
religion through in Modern terms.…
They call me a heretic. I am proud of it.”
They call me a heretic. I am proud of it.”
5. What was the The Scopes “Monkey” Trial?
In the early 20th century, fundamentalists increasingly rejected any belief that might be associated with liberalism.
In 1925, some fundamentalists convinced the Tennessee legislature to outlaw teaching evolution in public schools; this became known as the Butler Act.
In the end, Scopes was convicted of violating the Butler Act and was fined.
Prosecutor William Jennings Bryan offered to pay Scopes’ fine.
The modernist-fundamentalist controversy continued.
Inherit
the Wind enjoyed a record three-year run on
Broadway and was subsequently made into an Academy Award-nominated film
starring Spencer Tracy and Frederic
March. A total of three film versions have been made and screened countless
times to students as “educational” material. But few people have ever read the
actual trial transcript, which is radically different from the movie. Even the
original playwright, Jerome Lawrence, acknowledged that the work was “not
history.”
6. What was the Ecumenical Movement?
Throughout the 1920s and 30s,
tensions between liberalism and fundamentalism split several churches and
denominations.
In 1938, attempts were made to form
a World Council of Churches that would bring denominations together.
7. What was Neo-Orthodoxy ?
In Europe, neo-orthodoxy had arisen
as a response to theological liberalism.
Karl Barth, a Swiss pastor, had
been trained by theologically liberal
Having found theological liberalism
lacking, Karl Barth looked for answers in the Scriptures.
“The Word of God” became central to Barth’s
theology.
According to Barth, the Bible is not the Word of God per se.
The Word of God is the living event of God’s self-revelation in Jesus.
The Bible becomes God’s Word when the Holy Spirit reveals Jesus through the Bible.
Some aspects of Barth’s theology reflected historical Christian orthodoxy.
Other aspects were very different from what Christians had believed throughout history.
Barth’s approach to theology became known as neo-orthodoxy.
Barth’s reaction against liberal theology influenced Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German student.
Bonhoeffer heard the gospel while studying in New York City.
During World War II, Bonhoeffer protested the Holocaust and became involved in the Valkyrie plot to destroy Hitler.
On April 5, 1945, Hitler decreed Bonhoeffer’s death.
He was hanged at a concentration camp, using piano wire.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
“Cheap grace is our church’s deadly enemy.... Costly grace is the gospel which must be sought again and again.... Such grace is costly because it costs one’s life; it is grace because it cost God his Son’s life.... Above all, it is grace because God did not reckon his Son to be too dear a price to pay for our life.” —Dietrich Bonhoeffer
8. How did modern Evangelicalism develop?
In the middle of the 20th century, several conservative Christian leaders attempted to steer a course between:
Fundamentalism; and Neo-orthodoxy, liberalism, and the ecumenical movement.
In October 1941, several of these conservative Christians gathered at Moody Bible Institute to lay the foundations for the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE).
Billy Graham and Carl F.H. Henry both deeply influenced the future of the “new evangelicals.”
Billy Graham rose to national prominence during an evangelistic crusade in 1949.
Graham emphasized unity for the sake of evangelism.
According to Barth, the Bible is not the Word of God per se.
The Word of God is the living event of God’s self-revelation in Jesus.
The Bible becomes God’s Word when the Holy Spirit reveals Jesus through the Bible.
Some aspects of Barth’s theology reflected historical Christian orthodoxy.
Other aspects were very different from what Christians had believed throughout history.
Barth’s approach to theology became known as neo-orthodoxy.
Neo-orthodoxy
defines the Word of God as Jesus (John 1:1)
and says that the Bible is simply man’s interpretation of the Word’s actions.
Thus, the Bible is not inspired by God, and, being a human document, various
parts of it may not be literally true. God spoke through “redemptive history,”
and He speaks now as people “encounter” Jesus, but the Bible itself is not
objective truth.
Neo-orthodoxy teaches that the Bible is a medium of revelation, while orthodoxy believes it is revelation. That means that, to the neo-orthodox theologian, revelation depends on the experience (or personal interpretation) of each individual. The Bible only “becomes” the Word of God when God uses its words to point someone to Christ. The details of the Bible are not as important as having a life-changing encounter with Jesus. Truth thus becomes a mystical experience and is not definitively stated in the Bible.
The neo-orthodox view of sin is that it is a rejection of our responsibility to treat our fellow man well. The result of sin is dehumanization, accompanied by unkindness, unforgiveness, loneliness, and a myriad of societal ills. Salvation comes to those who have a subjective encounter with Christ—no acceptance of a set of truths is necessary. Neo-orthodoxy places an emphasis on social work and our ethical responsibility to love others.
Neo-orthodoxy teaches that the Bible is a medium of revelation, while orthodoxy believes it is revelation. That means that, to the neo-orthodox theologian, revelation depends on the experience (or personal interpretation) of each individual. The Bible only “becomes” the Word of God when God uses its words to point someone to Christ. The details of the Bible are not as important as having a life-changing encounter with Jesus. Truth thus becomes a mystical experience and is not definitively stated in the Bible.
The neo-orthodox view of sin is that it is a rejection of our responsibility to treat our fellow man well. The result of sin is dehumanization, accompanied by unkindness, unforgiveness, loneliness, and a myriad of societal ills. Salvation comes to those who have a subjective encounter with Christ—no acceptance of a set of truths is necessary. Neo-orthodoxy places an emphasis on social work and our ethical responsibility to love others.
Barth’s reaction against liberal theology influenced Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German student.
Bonhoeffer heard the gospel while studying in New York City.
During World War II, Bonhoeffer protested the Holocaust and became involved in the Valkyrie plot to destroy Hitler.
On April 5, 1945, Hitler decreed Bonhoeffer’s death.
He was hanged at a concentration camp, using piano wire.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
“Cheap grace is our church’s deadly enemy.... Costly grace is the gospel which must be sought again and again.... Such grace is costly because it costs one’s life; it is grace because it cost God his Son’s life.... Above all, it is grace because God did not reckon his Son to be too dear a price to pay for our life.” —Dietrich Bonhoeffer
8. How did modern Evangelicalism develop?
In the middle of the 20th century, several conservative Christian leaders attempted to steer a course between:
Fundamentalism; and Neo-orthodoxy, liberalism, and the ecumenical movement.
In October 1941, several of these conservative Christians gathered at Moody Bible Institute to lay the foundations for the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE).
Billy Graham and Carl F.H. Henry both deeply influenced the future of the “new evangelicals.”
Billy Graham rose to national prominence during an evangelistic crusade in 1949.
Graham emphasized unity for the sake of evangelism.
9. Evangelicals and Catholics?
In 1962, Pope John XXIII gathered
more than 2,500 Catholic leaders for the Second Vatican Council.
They stated that non-Catholics “are
not deprived of significance in the mystery of salvation.”
In the last session of Vatican II,
the pope removed the sentence of excommunication that had been placed on
Eastern Orthodox Christians in AD 1054.
“Evangelicals and Catholics
Together” (1994): A statement signed by 40 Catholics and evangelicals
emphasizing shared values and beliefs.
“The Gift of Salvation” (1997): A
statement by evangelical and Catholic theologians agreeing that “justification
is received through faith.”
In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI declared
that organized groups of Christians outside the Roman Catholic Church are
merely “ecclesial communities” that should “not be called churches in the
proper sense.”
10. Christianity: Present & Future
Generation X—children born between
the mid-1960s and early 80s—were the first generation to be identified as
post-modern.
Postmodern means “after the Modern
Age".
In the 21st century, Christianity is growing
faster in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere.
Africa and Latin America have experienced an amazing explosion of Christianity!
Approximately 2 billion people
today identify themselves as Christian:
530 million in Europe
510 million in Latin America
390 million in Africa
300 million in Asia
250 million in North America
If trends continue, the majority of
the Christian population will live in Africa or Latin America no later than
year 2025.
The above post may contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. It is being made available in an effort to advance the understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, social justice, for the purpose of historical debate, and to advance the understanding of Christian conservative issues. It is believed that this constitutes a ”fair use” of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the Copyright Law. In accordance with the title 17 U.S. C. section 107, the material in this post is shown without profit to those who have expressed an interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.
Federal law allows citizens to reproduce, distribute and exhibit portions of copyrighted motion pictures, video taped or video discs, without authorization of the copyright holder. This infringement of copyright is called “Fair Use”, and is allowed for purposes of criticism, news, reporting, teaching, and parody. This articles is written, and any image and video (includes music used in the video) in this article are used, in compliance with this law: Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. 107.
Net Bible
Answers in Genesis Ministries
CNS News
E-Sword bible software
The Word.Net bible software
lumina.bible.org/bible/ bible study website
biblestudytools.com Bible study resource
Theopedia.com/ Encyclopedia of theology
Apologetics Press.org
Creation.com/ YEC Creationist science and theology site
Worthynews.com/ Christian news service
Apologiaway.wordpress.com
The above post may contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. It is being made available in an effort to advance the understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, social justice, for the purpose of historical debate, and to advance the understanding of Christian conservative issues. It is believed that this constitutes a ”fair use” of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the Copyright Law. In accordance with the title 17 U.S. C. section 107, the material in this post is shown without profit to those who have expressed an interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.
Federal law allows citizens to reproduce, distribute and exhibit portions of copyrighted motion pictures, video taped or video discs, without authorization of the copyright holder. This infringement of copyright is called “Fair Use”, and is allowed for purposes of criticism, news, reporting, teaching, and parody. This articles is written, and any image and video (includes music used in the video) in this article are used, in compliance with this law: Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. 107.
Net Bible
Answers in Genesis Ministries
CNS News
E-Sword bible software
The Word.Net bible software
lumina.bible.org/bible/ bible study website
biblestudytools.com Bible study resource
Theopedia.com/ Encyclopedia of theology
Apologetics Press.org
Creation.com/ YEC Creationist science and theology site
Worthynews.com/ Christian news service
Apologiaway.wordpress.com
No comments:
Post a Comment
Please feel free to make civil comment. Divergent views encouraged,