Monday, July 10, 2017

Christian History Made Easy Lesson 8 The Reformation





1. What was in this video?

•How a lawyer named Martin Luther became a monk and survived the Diet of Worms.
•Where the term “Protestant” came from.
•How a lawyer named John Calvin became a primary theologian of the Protestant Reformation.
§Why certain Swiss Brethren became known as Anabaptists.
§How pointing out a king’s sin cost William Tyndale his life.
How the Council of Trent attempted to renew the Roman Catholic Church



 2. What was happening in Europe during the 1500’s?

•The Renaissance had led to a rebirth of interest in Greek language, art, and architecture.
•Biblical scholars were able to examine the text of Scripture in the original languages.
•Printing presses with movable metal type allowed mass-production of books and tracts.



3. Who was Martin Luther?

•Martin Luther had studied to become a lawyer, but during an unexpected storm, Luther vowed to become a monk.
•     Even as a monk, he could not escape his deep awareness of his own sin and God’s righteousness.



•While studying the Greek New Testament, Luther saw that God imputes his righteousness to anyone who truly trusts Jesus.
•“The passage of Paul,” Luther said, “became my gateway to heaven.”
Romans 1:17
“For in the gospel the righteousness of God is revealed—a righteousness that is by faith from first to last, just as it is written: ‘The righteous will live by faith.’”


4. What was the problem with Indulgences?

•In 1517, Pope Leo X allowed alms to be given to the Church in exchange for indulgences.

 •It was believed that indulgences released Christians from the temporal punishments for their sins.




5. Why did the Pope call Luther a Wild Pig?
•Martin Luther wanted to debate the validity of indulgences.
•On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed a list of 95 theses (topics for debate) on a
chapel door in Wittenberg, Germany.

•In response Pope Leo X declared, “Arise, O Lord. 
A wild pig has invaded the Lord’s vineyard!”



6.  A Diet of Worms? ……Yuk!
•Luther was summoned to the city of Worms for a gathering of leaders (known in Latin as a “diet”).
•Luther declared, “My conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God, help me.”



•After the diet, Luther went into hiding.


7. Married Catholic Nuns and Priests?

•After Luther emerged from hiding, one of his friends removed nine nuns from a convent.
•Eventually, only one of the nuns remained unwed: Katherine von Bora.

•“Kaetie” joked that she might marry Luther.
•In 1525, Martin and Kaetie married.
•“I would not,” Luther declared, “exchange Kaetie
for France, because God gave her to me, and … 
other women have even worse faults.”



 8. Who were the Protestants?
•When a Roman Catholic prince outlawed Lutheranism in his territory, one group of Lutherans protested so harshly that they were dubbed “Protestants.”

•The term soon described not only Lutherans but also other churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.


 9. Who was Calvin?
•John Calvin was a French lawyer-turned-theologian.
•At University of Paris, he wrote a speech filled with allusions to Luther’s ideas.

•In 1534, he was forced to flee his native nation.

•On his way to find a place of study in Strasbourg, Calvin was asked to lead the church in Geneva.

Except for two years when he was asked to leave, Calvin spent the rest of his life in Geneva, Switzerland.

•In Switzerland, Calvin wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, the first systematic summary of Protestant theology.

•A central theme of Institutes is the knowledge of God.


10. What’s an Anabaptist?
•Calvin was not the only reformer in Switzerland.
•Ulrich Zwingli had led church members in Zurich, Switzerland, to embrace Protestant ideals.
•In Zwingli’s Zurich, Felix Manz and a group known
 as the Swiss Brethren concluded that Scripture 
never commanded infant baptism.
•In January 1525, one Swiss Brother said to the others,
“Baptize me with true Christian baptism, upon my 
faith.”
•The Swiss Brethren poured water over one another’s 
heads in the Name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
11. How did the Mennonites begin?


•Anabaptist leader Menno Simons attempted to observe strictly every pattern found in the New Testament.

•So esteemed was Menno Simons that his heirs became known as Mennonites.


12. Who was William Tyndale?
         An Englishman named William Tyndale wanted to translate the Scriptures 
         so that even a “plow-boy” could understand.


       •Bishops in England bought and burned Tyndale’s New Testaments.


   

King Henry VIII declared himself head of the Church of England so his marriage vows to Catherine of Aragon could be annulled.

•In 1530,Tyndale denounced Henry’s deposition of his wife.

•Tyndale was captured by Henry’s soldiers, strangled, and burned.

•Tyndale’s last words were, “Lord! Open the king of England’s eyes!”
•In 1538, Henry approved the “Great Bible”—a completed and revised version of Tyndale’s work—to be placed in every church in England.
13. The Anglican Church has a Bloody Mary?

 •In 1553, Henry’s daughter Mary of Tudor returned English churches to Roman Catholicism, executing more than 300 Protestants in the process.
•Elizabeth, another of Henry’s daughters, 
ruled England after “Bloody Mary.”
•Queen Elizabeth chose a middle way between Protestantism and Catholicism for the Church of England (or Anglican Church).

•Today, this middle way still characterizes the  Anglican Church.

•In 1541, Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders met in Germany, to determine whether it might be possible to reunite.
•Although much agreement was reached, these two issues prevented reunion:
§Papal power

§The presence of Christ in Communion


 14. The Catholics try to reform?
•The Council of Trent (1545–1563)
§Was called for by Pope Paul III in 1538 to be a reforming council.
§Attempted to renew the Roman Catholic Church and to correct abuses related to the selling of indulgences and of church offices.
§Declared works to be necessary to obtain salvation and gave Scripture and church tradition equivalent authority.





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